Poster Presentation 18th International Symposium on Dendritic Cells 2026

Dissecting the origins, destinations, and roles of migratory dendritic cells in cancer (#235)

Alexandra Bowman 1 2 3 4 5 , Abbe Pannucci 2 3 4 5 , John M Kirkwood 2 5 6 , Anthony R Cillo 2 3 4 5
  1. Program in Microbiology and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
  2. Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
  3. Center for Systems Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
  4. Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
  5. Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
  6. Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

Despite success of immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) for treatment of solid tumors, many patients fail to respond, with various systemic and tumor microenvironment (TME) factors influencing outcomes. A mature regulatory dendritic cell population (mregDCs) recently identified in non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) was shown to be one of these barriers to achieving anti-tumor immunity. While these cells exhibit a mature, migratory, and regulatory phenotype that has been partially defined in the TME, their differentiation cues, cellular interactions, and functional roles in lymph nodes (LNs) remain unclear. We hypothesize that TME-derived cues generate mregDCs, which transition to a regulatory state in tumor-draining LNs, limiting anti-tumor immunity. To investigate this, we constructed single-cell RNA-seq atlases of DCs from public datasets (NSCLC, head and neck cancer, melanoma) and sentinel LN biopsies from melanoma patients generated in-house. Across tissues, mregDCs share conserved transcriptional signatures enriched for non-canonical NF-κB signaling. However, mregDCs in the LNs exhibit increased inhibitory markers and reduced expression of stimulatory markers when compared to tumoral mregDCs. Importantly, when we integrate tumor and tdLN samples we see a differentiation trajectory linking tumoral mregDCs to a terminally differentiated LN-restricted mregDC population expressing the tolerance-associated transcription factor AIRE. This AIRE+ mregDC state has a distinct transcriptional profile highlighted by a regulatory phenotype and less of a maturation phenotype. When analyzing these LN mregDC populations, we see an increase in interactions with T cell subsets in invaded versus uninvaded LNs. In vitro experiments using to promote DC maturation and non-canonical NF-κB signaling are underway to define factors driving mregDC generation and progression to AIRE⁺ LN DCs. Overall, our findings identify a link between tumor-resident mregDCs and LN-resident DCs central to shaping anti-tumor immunity, highlighting LNs as a key therapeutic target and providing a rationale for LN-directed strategies to reduce immunosuppression and enhance ICB responses.